At what cost do the individual steps of the CCUS value chain take place and which players are involved?

The CCUS value chain encompasses CO₂ capture, transportation, and either permanent storage (CCS) or utilization (CCU) of the captured CO₂. However, uncertainties among stakeholders—such as unclear investment costs and, in some cases, incomplete regulations—are delaying the development of a fully functional value chain and its associated infrastructure. To enable timely planning, it is essential to involve all relevant stakeholders, including representatives from industry, politics, and civil society. Beyond regional strategies, infrastructure development poses a pan-European challenge that necessitates reliable international standards and bilateral agreements.